The law is the public conscience.

ARTICLE 1423 By: Gretzen M. Colona Obligations are civil or natural. Civil obligations give right of action to compel their performance. Natural obligations, not being based on positive law but on equity and natural law, do not grant a rigt of action to enforce their performance, but after voluntary fulfillment by the obligor, they authorize the retention of what has been delivered or rendered by reason thereof. Some natural obligations are set forth in the following articles. (n) Ang obligasyon ay civil o natural. Obligasyong sibil ay nagbibigay ng hakbang para iutos ang pagsasagawa. Obligasyong natural, ay hindi ayon sa positibong batas ngunit sa equity at natural law, hindi nagbibigay ng karapatan sa isang hakbang para ipatupad ang pagsasagawa, ngunit pagkatapos ng boluntaryong pagsasakatuparan ng may utang , pinapayagan nila ang pagpapanatili ng kung ano mang naibigay o naisagawa para sa kadahilanan nito. May ilang natural obligation ay tinatalaga sa mga susunod na artikulo...

Article 1394 By: Gretzen M. Colona Ratification may be effected by the guardian of the incapacitated person. Ang ratipikasyon ay maaring maisagawa ng guardian ng taong nawalan ng kapasidad. Discussion: Incapacitated persons includes unemancipated minors and insane or demented persons, and deaf-mutes who do not know how to write. If incapacitated enters into a contract, the contract is voidable if the other party is capacitated. If both are incapacitated, the contract becomes void. The guardians however may ratify the defective contract in their behalf. If the incapacitated person becomes capacitated, they themselves may ratify their defective contracts. Escoto vs Arcilla, 89 Phil. 199 (1951) Ponente: J. Tuason Facts: Tancungco conveyed his property to Jacinto Hilario and his daughter Armada Hilario, provided that he would remain in possession of the property and could repurchase them in two years. When Jacinto died, his rights were transfe...

Article 1375 By: Gretzen M. Colona Words which may have different significations shall be understood in that which is most inkeeping with the nature and object of the contract. (1286) Ang mga salitang maaaring magkaroon ng iba’t ibang mga kahulugan ay dapat unawain kung saan sinasabi ang mga kalikasan at object ng kontrata. (1286) Case: Germann & Co. vs. Donaldson, Sim & Co. (1 Phil. 63) FACTS: PETITIONER: Germann & Co. RESPONDENT: Donaldoson, SIm & Co. PONENTE: Ladd, J. 1. CONTRACT; CONFLICT OF LAWS. — The validity of a power of attorney executed in Germany between German subjects should considered according to the laws of that country. 2. AGENCY; POWER OF ATTORNEY. — The right to commence action for collection of debts owing to principal is not an incident of strict ownership, which must be conferred in express terms. 3. POWER OF ATTORNEY; RIGHT TO SUE. — The power to “legally compel” the payment of debts owing to the principal i...

Article 1356 By: Gretzen M. Colona Contracts shall be obligatory, in whatever form they may have been entered into, provided all the essential requisites for their validity are present. However, when the law requires that a contract be in some form in order that it may be valid or enforceable, or that a contract be proved in a certain way, that requirement is absolute and indispensable. In such cases, the right of the parties stated in the following article cannot be exercised. (1278a) Ang mga kontrata ay dapat na magpapasunod, sa kung anumang porma na maaring maipasok nila dito, maliban na lahat ng pangunahing kailangan para sa bisa nito ay makikita. Gayunman, kapag hinihingi ng batas na ang kontrata ay sa ibang kaanyuan para ito ay maging maybisa o maipaguutos o ang kontrata ay mapapatunayan sa ibang paraan, na ang takdang kailangan ay makapangyarihan at lubhang mahalaga. Sa naturang kalagayan, ang karapatan ng mga partido na nakasaad sa mga sumusunod na artikulo ay hindi ...

Article 1337 There is undue influence when a person takes improper advantage of his power over the will of another, depriving the latter of a reasonable freedom of choice. The following circumstances shall be considered: the confidential, family, spiritual and other relations between the parties, or the fact that the person alleged to have been unduly influenced was suffering from mental weakness, or was ignorant or in financial distress.  Mayroong labis labis na impluwensiya kapag ang isang tao ay gumagawa ng hindi wastong kalamangan gamit ang kanyang kapangyarihan sa isang tao, na nagdudulot ng pagkakaalis mula sa isang ng kanyang kakayahang mamili nang malaya.  Ang mga sumusunod na sitwasyon ang maisasaalang-alang: ang confidential, pamilya, espiritwal, at iba pang relasyon sa pagitan ng baway partido, o di kaya ang katotohanan na ang taong labis na naiimpluwensiyahan ay mahina ang pag-iisip, o walang alam, o may matinding pangangailangang pinansyal. UNDUE ...

Article 1319 By: Gretzen M. Colona Article 1319 Consent is manifested by the meeting of the offer and the acceptance upon the thing and the cause which are to constitute the contract. The offer must be certain and the acceptance absolute. A qualified acceptance constitutes a counter-offer. Acceptance made by letter or telegram does not bind the offerer except from the time it came to his knowledge. The contract, in such a case, is presumed to have been entered into in the place where the offer was made. (1262a) Ang pagsang-ayon ay maihahayag kapag nagkasundo ang bawat partido at tinanggap na ang mga bagay na magiging paksa ng kasunduan. Ang pag-aalok ay dapat na tiyak at naaayon sa kontrata. Ang pag-aalok na may bisa ay dapat may unawaan sa bawat isa. Ang pag-aalok na ginawa sa pamamagitan ng liham o telegrama ay hindi magtatali sa nag-alok maliban kung ito ay dumating sa kanyang kaalaman. Ang kontrata sa mga ganitong kaso ay ipinagpapalagay na tinanggap kun...

Article 1300 By: Gretzen M. Colona Subrogation of a third person in the rights of the creditor is either legal or conventional. The former is not presumed, except in cases expressly mentioned in this Code; the latter must be clearly established in order that it may take effect. Ang subrogation ng ikatlong tao sa mga karapatan ng nagpautang ay maaaring legal o konbensyonal. Ang nauna ay hindi ipinapagpalagay, maliban sa mga kaso na malinaw na nabanggit sa Code na ito; ang nahuli ay dapat na malinaw na itinatag upang ito ay magkabisa. (1209a) Subrogation is the active subjective novation characterized by the transfer to a third person of all the rights pertaining to the creditor in the transaction concerned including the right to proceed against the guarantors or possessor of mortgages, and similar other subject to any applicable legal provisions or any stipulation agreed upon by the parties in conventional subrogation. It is the transfer of the credit of the credi...